Economic Development In Urban Areas Free Essays

Monetary change has helped lead America into urban emergency for the accompanying reasons. As a matter of first importance, in light of the fact that urban issues are not, at this point restricted to the downtown, yet are territorial in nature. The national government has, additionally, to a great extent drawn from the urban approach field, in this way having urban areas and satiates to build up their own answers for nearby issues. We will compose a custom paper test on Financial Development In Urban Areas or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Besides, the economy of urban areas is not, at this point sorted out around a focal business locale, however is scattered all through a metropolitan district. Next, the national economy has encountered a major rearrangement and numerous urban areas have encountered the immediate impacts of deindustrialization and disinvestments. Moreover, the monetary emergency inside the open division is uncommon and has truly negative impacts for the arrangement of administrations at all degrees of government. At long last, the idea of work itself includes changed inside urban communities as more ladies enter the work showcase; the changing idea of work has influenced the urban family from numerous points of view, a large number of which have direct repercussions for social government assistance and family arrangements. There is a lot of disparity of salary in certain urban areas. The greater part of the individuals who fall howl the destitution line are African Americans and Hispanics. This is on the grounds that they are set in low paying employments. As an ever increasing number of individuals move into the nation, there are fewer and fewer employments to go around. This makes a bigger destitution hole. Individuals simply coming here to America are put in exceptionally low-salary occupations. This is everything they can get in the event that they don’t talk any English. For instance, here at Rider the cleaning individuals are for the most part Spanish. They don’t talk any English, and their responsibility is to be the cleaning team. These are the main kinds of occupations that these individuals can get more often than not, and this makes our level of individuals who are in neediness go up. Another difficult that is adding to the urban emergency is the ascent of single-parent families and ‘present-orientated’ values. The issue here is that the separation rate in America is getting ever more elevated, and furthermore the measure of kids being had out of marriage is incredibly expanding moreover. This makes one parent bringing up a kid. The issue here is that there is no legitimate consideration for kids in this circumstance. The parent has an excessive amount of obligation. They are to accommodate the family, just as enough consideration for their youngsters. At the point when the single parent needs to go to work, to get cash to pay for a spot to live, food, and dress, there leaves no an ideal opportunity to watch and deal with the youngsters, which means kids are left to deal with themselves after school is finished, and this outcomes in a great deal of issues for the networks. These youngsters cause inconvenience. They are the ones who perpetrate most wrongdoings in a urban domain. This is the reason in a urban city there is much more wrongdoing. There are a great deal of youngsters left solo for the vast majority of the day and night. Another issue is the ethnic strains that there are in America. There are numerous things that aren't right with this. The principal issue is that in view of bigotry, individuals are separated. They are pushed to all live respectively, in light of the fact that individuals don’t need to live close to them. This is the manner by which a ghetto is begun, and ghettos. All the individuals of low salaries live in a similar neighborhood together. They additionally contain the horror rates on the grounds that these are the individuals who are likewise of single parent families and their kids are left solo. Another issue with prejudice is that individuals are given lower paying employments in light of their race, and furthermore, they aren’t ready to need to same measure of understanding as others. They don’t go to as great of schools, and they at that point probably won't have the option to set off for college, so they are trapped. They can just find a low paying line of work. This makes families to be stuck in neediness for ages, they can never get out, except if with government help or some likeness thereof. At that point this makes the downtowns all brimming with low-salary families, and makes a destitution stricken zone that can't be fixed in any capacity. In the event that there were more coordination inside neighborhoods, at that point we wouldn’t have these territories. Another motivation behind why urban America is in emergency is a direct result of the underground urban economy. This additionally causes a great deal of wrongdoing in urban communities. The individuals in these urban areas who are poor, and are attempting to discover an exit plan, for the most part attempt by accomplishing something unlawful. A major case of this is sedate deal. Individuals begin offering medications to get cash. This makes a ton of issues. The selling of unlawful materials brings about killings, and thefts, to either get the medications, pay for the medications, or abstain from getting found selling them. Another case of this is individuals taking things, similar to vehicle parts, and selling it on the bootleg market. These illicit demonstrations consistently bring about something that aggravates the urban communities look and more terrible to live in. I realize that when I go into Trenton I am extremely apprehensive, in light of the fact that I realize that there is a truly elevated measure of wrongdoing there, and I am continually feeling that somebody is going to attempt to shoot me for my vehicle, burglarize a store that I am in, or something different. Generalizations of urban communities are handily made, and this doesn’t help the circumstance. Additionally, the headway in innovation has lead numerous individuals to be left without occupations. This innovation had made progressively untalented work, and putted gifted work to a base. Individuals, who had been masters at accomplishing certain gifted work, are continually being supplanted by machines that can accomplish a similar work quicker and less expensive. This makes a tremendous economy hole. It causes the rich to get more extravagant and the poor get less fortunate, by giving all the cash from the benefit of deals to the organization proprietors, instead of to workers. In this way, the individuals who were at that point wealthy, have much more cash, and those individuals who were white collar class residents are presently jobless, and can not bear to deal with their families. The issue here is self-evident, the more employments that are lost since individuals are supplanted by machines, the more prominent the measure of individuals who become in destitution. The numbers continue expanding. Step by step instructions to refer to Economic Development In Urban Areas, Essay models

Role Of Vision In Managing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Of Vision In Managing Change - Essay Example A dream is a practical, solid and appealing arrangement for the fate of an association. A vi sion portrays a lot of goals and needs delineating an image of things to come that makes the organization uncommon and special. A dream characterizes a center arrangement of standards by which the organization stays so as to make progress. An unmistakable vision today is irreplaceable for authoritative success.† How could any gathering or individual endeavor toward significance and dominance without a dream? That is actually the point. They can't. They can keep up they can endure; however they can't hope to accomplish greatness†. (Mapes 1991) . A reasonable vision pulls in duty and invigorates individuals; the persuasive impact of vision. Vision produces eagerness about the course the association means to follow and the change it is actualizing and builds the pledge to progress in the direction of adjusting to the change adequately. It gives an importance to the change. A dream pe rmits individuals to acknowledge the demand and proceed onward and show signs of improvement. It sets up a better quality of greatness. Considering the case of a bank where the old written by hand pattern of record making and reporting is supplanted by present day innovation and PCs, a dream serves a significant capacity in setting up a standard for acing the change. An unmistakable vision connects the present and what's to come. The correct vision removes the association from the present, and concentrates it on what's to come. A decent vision arranges the laborers on the future, and gives positive course to the change. .Without a dream, the association will experience issues understanding and helping out the new plans and systems. A dream is a guide on which, it must be distinguished where the association is as of now and where it needs to be, later on. A reasonable vision is basic for any venture. It tends to the larger objectives of the activity and is applicable and important to all individuals being influenced by the change. A reasonable vision empowers to accomplish a consistency of convictions and activities among those liable for executing the change.

Life Maintenance

Life Maintenance Defined succinctly, minimalism, as a lifestyle, is the art of letting go. But its worth noting that letting go is not the destination. In fact, it is not even the road that leads to the destination. Letting go is just the regularly scheduled road maintenance required to keep traffic flowing efficiently. When an actual road is filled with unplowed snow, fallen tree branches, or gaping potholes, it is difficult to traverse. Eventually, with enough obstructions, it becomes impossible. Life is the same: weve cluttered lifes roads with accoutrements, trading purpose for ephemera, and weve lost sight of the destinationâ€"a meaningful life. Minimalism simply clears the roadâ€"not of everything, but of that which is blocking the way. By letting go, we remove the debris, and the destination is easier to find. The scenery is much nicer, too. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Feminist Geography - 1667 Words

Feminist Geography Since its conception, geography has been involved in the development of races and genders, mapping the boundaries that separate and exclude the world of privilege from the other. The imposing eyes that facilitated this domination have recently been challenged to quash their perpetuation of racial difference, and although existing more obscurely, to challenge the sexist legacy remaining in geography. â€Å"As part of geography, feminist approaches within our discipline take the same set of central concepts as their focus as other sub-areas of geography. Thus over the decade feminist geographers have addressed three of the central concepts of the discipline – space, place and nature – and the†¦show more content†¦The under-representation that occurs at the moment can also be linked to similar practices occurring in the nineteenth century; â€Å"the gendering of science in the nineteenth century effectively excluded women, both from science in general and those particular techniques that loosely constituted physical geography in the years before the institutionalization of the discipline† (McEwan, 1998). This problem is not helped by the situation today that the differences in numbers of female human and physical geographers is negligible; â€Å"women are almost equally likely to be physical geographers as they are to be human geographers† (Bartram Shobrook, 1998). If this is the case, then feminist geography is definitely less about feminism and more about geography since we must first strive to explain this apparent phenomenon and then redress the balance. One explanation offered through feminist scholarship follows thus; â€Å"in particular,Show MoreRelatedWhat Is Geography?1066 Words   |  4 Pages What is geography to you? Well geography is the study of physical features of the earth and its atmospheres of human activity as it affects and is affected by this distribution of populations and resources.as well as land use and industries. Geography has do with many things such as history ,culture and society .the Japanese history, it has to do with feminist science it goes back further than all this . My topic about geography I have chosen to write about Mr. Christopher Columbus. ChristopherRead MoreAnalysis Of The Sound And The Fury Essay2354 Words   |  10 PagesJOURNAL ARTICLE: â€Å"WHO WAS THE WOMAN?† FEMININE SPACE AND SHAPING OF INDETITY IN â€Å"THE SOUND AND THE FURY† This Journal Article examines Faulkner’s â€Å"The Sound and The Fury,† from the perspective of the feminist geography. It will explore the spatial experiences of the three Compton women; Mrs. Compson, Caddy, and her daughter Miss Quentin, who are portrayed in the story as under patriarchy. The article also examines the relationship between gender, space, and self in the novel. Although theRead MoreAnalysis Of Postcolonial Politics Of Academic Writing815 Words   |  4 PagesPolitics of data collection and presentation being the topic for this week has readings covering Noxolo (2009), Jazeel Colin (2009) and Nagar (2012). What these authors have in common is that, they are all feminist geographers. Generally, Noxolo (1999) tries to answer a question posed in her article titled my paper, my paper: reflections on the embodies production of postcolonial geographical responsibility in academic writing, what are the responsibilities of as a postcolonial geographical wri terRead MoreThe Feminist Philosphoy and May Wollstonecraft743 Words   |  3 PagesFiercely independent and far from conventional Mary Wollstonecraft called for more equality between the sexes; she ignited the flame that would turn into the feminist movement we know today. Wollstonecraft was a key founder of feminist philosophy. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) stated her view that women should have a wider access to education, not taught to depend on their beauty. â€Å"A committed women’s liberationist cannot retire from the job, only die at it.† (Dann, 1985) Mary WollstonecraftRead MoreThe Development Of Chicana Identities Throughout The Twentieth Century By Showing1015 Words   |  5 PagesNorma Klahn, Olga Nà ¡jera-Ramà ­rez, and Patricia Zanella, this book in particular highlights the development of Chicana identities in the twentieth century by showing â€Å"how Chicana feminist writings move discourse beyond binaries and toward intersectionality and hybridity† (Arredondo e.al. 2). What is interesting is how the feminist scholars in this book used different epistemologies and methods in capturing the experiences of the Chicanas which include oral histories, poetry, theatrical performance, paintingRead MoreExploring The Nature Of Patriarchy3451 Words   |  14 Pagesand literature review of all dimensions that explain the institutional structures and forces that explain ‘rape’ in the Indian context and which through theoretical models and deep introspection can generate a well researched and relevant model of feminist activism that can mitigate the dangers of patriarchal power imbalance between the sexes. The following are the chief points that will be further explored and discussed under the backdrop of our interest in exploring ‘rape’ and other gender basedRead MoreFeminism : Is It Really As Bad As We Think?1934 Words   |  8 Pagessomeone says, they are a feminist majority of Americans seem to think of a woman who is angry at society, wanting justice for all the bad things men and the government have done to them. Someone who just plain hates men and is not in to â€Å"girly† things. Maybe some can be that way but when women talk about it they specifically like to mention that they are not that aggressive or angry as a feminist, that they just want justice for women and to be treated equally. Many feminists are usually sociable orRead MoreRape, And Gender Crimes2220 Words   |  9 Pagesand literature review of all dimensions that explain the institutional structures and forces that explain ‘rape’ in the Indian context and which through theoretic al models and deep introspection can generate a well researched and relevant model of feminist activism that can mitigate the dangers of patriarchal power imbalance between the sexes. The objective of this project is to locate gender and sexual crimes in the Indian context and to see how the theoretical constructs of Feminism, help in theRead MoreFeminism Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesHow can assumptions about gender and registers of gender difference, as well as nature/culture dichotomies, inform meaning and the production of geographical knowledge. Geographers use poststructuralist and feminist ideas in order to study human environment, society and geogrpahical space. Feminism and poststructuralism encourage us to question the set of assumptions and socially constructed meanings that give rise to knowledge claims. Poststructuralism is a popular critique that challenges ourRead MorePost-humanist And Vitalist Posthumanism709 Words   |  3 PagesVitalist posthumanism on the other encompasses various philosophical orientations and philosophers, including the feminist theorist, non-representational theories, and more than human geographers who take inspirations from the deconstructive posthumanism but rather analyze humans’ well-being in a different ontology which Lorimer refers to as nonessentialist, vitalist ontology (Lorimer, 2009). Notable scholars who inspired this strand of posthumanism include Isabelle Stengers, Gilles Deleuze, Bruno

Graphic Design Style Of The Victorian Era - 1681 Words

In the past years, their have been dramatic changes that have influenced the development of graphic design since the 19th century. Going back to 1900, after the Industrial Revolution in the Victorian Era there was a social and economic change as the world developed. There was the first printed book and first movable type, there were new printing press, first san-serifs, and first brand loyalty. However, with their ability to easily recreate designs, they replaced craft mans with cheaper and faster production, and art and craft were sacrificed for speed and quality; designs became tasteless. The design style of the Victoria Era was too busy, detailed and separated type and image. They incorporated too many ornaments and patterns from different cultures. Which lead to another significant design style that started in Britain— the Arts and Crafts movement. It was a response against the mass production of the Victorian Era, as the designers began to honor all types of designs and a rt and craft were unified through the use of geometric forms and layout that appreciated delicate craft work. This movement increased appreciation of fine printing. A new movement emerged in Paris in 1880 known as Art Nouveau. The Golden Age of graphic design was during the Art Nouveau Era as designers gained freedom of expression and embodied organic curving forms that honor nature opposite to the cold and mechanical designs. This influenced Scottish Art Nouveau, where the Vienna Sesession wasShow MoreRelatedGraphic Designs Of Graphic Design1237 Words   |  5 PagesGraphic design is a big part of the art world. Graphic design is used as an outlet to advertising all over the world. From logos to murals, graphic design is there to spread a message. There are many different categories of graphic design: Editorial design, web design, Photography, illustration, 3D design and corporative design. Each type or category obviously focuses on a different element of graphic design overall. Web design happens to be the most popular aspect of graphic design. Most graphicRead MoreModernism Movement : High And Low Modernism1277 Words   |  6 Pagesdiverse cultures, various forms of art and design had been constituted by the influences of the preceding movements, revolutions, eras and a variety of history events. Human technologies and industrializations are one of the key factors that pushed the society one step forward to every new milestone. However, how did the historic background and social circumstances provoke the artists and designers with inspirations of new ideas and philosophy towards art and design? How did the movements influence eachRead MoreEffects Of Gender Stereotypes On Children s Clothing1515 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction (Slide 1-3) During the Victorian times, people were dressed to show their identity and also their position in the society. Same as their children, parents also paid the attention to the things their children wore. They were dressed exactly the same style as their parents. Once graphics that separated sexes appeared on clothing, their styles were more specific as boy s or a girl s clothing. So colors were used for children s clothing is a gender symbolism, which is one thing thatRead MoreEssay about Photography and Art3334 Words   |  14 Pagesdevelopment of the digital camera and digital art as a representation of the digital world, since the digital world is much too large of a subject to encompass in one essay. Two influences on the development of digital photography and art are late-Victorian construction of the machinery of information organization and Modernist visual forms. However, it is not sufficient to stop with these two forces, for advanced digital programs have also played a key role in the shaping of digital photography andRead MoreThe Crystal Palace And The Maison De Verre1982 Words   |  8 Pagesgreat Crystal Palace had a major design flaw that inevitable caused its great destruction: flammable wood flooring and glass frame work. The Palace caught fire and a sunny day in November 1936 and was never rebuilt. One of the many buildings that were influenced by the Crystal Palace was the Masison de Verre in Paris, France. The Maison de Verre was building in 1932 for a rich doctor who used the home as both a living space and his office. The designer had to design the space in such a way that accommodatedRead MoreIs Digital Language A Fixed Language?1872 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"People think that digital language is a fixed language, but it’s not: it’s very fluid† , This theme closely reflects the career of Neville Brody, with his fluid like versatility in his work; he can almost turn his hand to any design challenge. From the start of his career he pushed the limits. Almost being expelled from the London College of Printing when he designed a postage stamp with Queen Elizabeth’s head turned sideways. Growing up in Southgate, North London he said, â€Å"I was apparently drawingRead MoreIntroduction of Art Nouveau3116 Words   |  13 Pagesfrom classical art and design, towards a new modernism. The Modernism and Art Nouveau movements occurred during what was known in France as the Belle Époque, or beautiful era period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement was primarily influenced by the radical work of Czech (Moravian) artist Alfons Mucha, Swiss decorative artist Eugà ¨ne Grasset, and English illustrator Aubrey Beardsley (The Peacock Skirt†) and the ground-breaking architecture and design work of Hector GuimardRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesand symbols required by cuneiform were replaced by 20 or 30 easily learned signs. - The creation of the alphabet may have been an act of geography. - The oldest known examples of the Early or Old Hebrew alphabet date from around 1000BC. - The design of Arabic letters changes with the position within a word. - After the Latin alphabet, Arabic is the most widely used alphabet today. - The Aramaic alphabet is believed to be the predecessor of the scripts used in India. - The Greeks adopted theRead MorePictorialism in the Victorian Era; Essay example2442 Words   |  10 PagesPictorialism in the Victorian Era; The Works of Julia Margaret Cameron and Madame Yevonde A Personal Research Project Looking at Two Female Photographers of the Victorian Era and Their Styles of Photography Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....................................................................3 Chapter 1 - Pictorialism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.................................................4 Chapter 2 - Julia Margaret Cameron†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...................Read More Design Trends In Architecture Essay2243 Words   |  9 PagesDesign Trends In Architecture The more things change, the more they stay the same. While art has always been an ever changing form, it has deep roots in traditionalism; whether an artist or designer looks at the art that came before him and is inspired to follow that form, is inspired to do something completely opposite, or sees the flaws which, if corrected, could make that work of art perfect, he is ultimately quite influenced by what came before him. Nowhere is this more evident than in

Global Pharmaceutical Industry Free Essays

string(228) " drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails\." INTRODUCTION According to Hunter s. Thomas â€Å"you can turn your back on person, but never turn your back on a drug, especially when it’s waving a razor sharp hunting. † The global pharmaceutical industry had done tremendous contribution to mankind, but now pharmaceutical companies are facing tough time in a decade. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Pharmaceutical Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The case is broken in to different parts which is emphasized on how internal and external factors affecting the industry firstly, the main environmental forces currently affecting the industry through PEST analysis. Secondly, the implications of the changes in business environment that is internal factors through porter’s five force theory. Finally, the use and limitations of the tools applied to solve case are discussed. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION The present pharmaceutical industries are non-assembled and more of competitive but it had emerged in early 19th century in the Rhine valley near Basel Switzerland where dyestuffs were found to have antiseptic properties. Companies like Hoffman-la rochy, Sandoz, Novartis are all started as Rhine based family dyestuff and chemical companies, which are still doing tremendous business even to day. Slowly these chemical companies started making pharmaceuticals and synthetic chemicals and evolved as global players. In early 1940’s the industry showed drastic changes such as introduction of penicillin and other drugs. In 1960’s industry growing rapidly with the setting up of RD not only this economies prospered by the spending on health care in same period. In 1970’s industry showed major development but a strong regulatory controls also came into existence with this development, and this regulatory controls had removed the rule of permanent patent to some fixed period which resulted in birth of branded generics. ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES EFFECTING PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The scan of external macro environment in which the firm operates can be expressed in terms P- POLITICAL E-ECONOMICAL S-SOCIAL T-TECHNOLOGY POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Political factors includes government regulations and legal issues defines both formal and informal rules under which firm operates some example like tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs, political stability. Political arena has huge influence up on the regulations of business and the spending power of consumers and other business. Over many years the pharmaceuticals industry has increased political attentions because of increase in recognitions of the economic important of healthcare as a component of social welfare . It takes 10-15 years on average to experiment drug to travel from lab to patient consumption, as patent protection is fixed that is only 20 years but companies has to spend 15 years on experiments by the time it reaches to the market the patent will be almost comes to expired and which will result in birth of generic medicines which has exactly same ingredients as of branded drugs but shows huge difference in price, because the generic brand does not spend on clinical trials so the entry of generic are the major impact on pharmacy industry because of the legal policy set by political forces example in us 84% of sales had been dropped in 12 weeks by Allegra hay fever treatment because of expiry of patent in 2006. Another major problem affecting the industry in many countries are monophony which means only one powerful purchaser who are government. Since 1980 government around the world attracting pharmaceuticals as a politically easy target in their effort to control l in increasing h ealth care expenditure like price and reimbursement controls and also the industry loosed both public and political support to resist this change. In 1990 the effect of economic recession had lead to fall in tax revenue, the government forever changing cost containment plans had become operations of the company unstable in European market which is highly fragmented, moreover the expansion of EU had provided many opportunities but it also raised new challenges from generics and low priced imports. ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital examples like economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates. The government price control is a major challenge to the industry in the form of parallel trade. Parallel trade is nothing but free movement of the product across the Europe with out any trade barriers which will affect the local manufacture because the distributor will buy drugs in low price markets and export them to high price markets example buying the product from manufacture in Poland and exporting them to Ireland. The exchange rates and currency problem is also one of the major issue for example Canada has inflexible pricing and reimbursement criteria, where USA does not have price controls as a results the price drug in America is high compare to Canada which leads to damage of brand image in consumers mind for example price of Lipitor is 3. 20/pill in USA where in Canada which is 1. 89/pill for same drug. Not only this, the growth of pharmaceutical market is aligned with GDP growth. As RD productivity is declined and development times were lengthened, as clinical trials are becoming more complex and costly there was sharp rise in RD expenditure. SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Social factors includes the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment these factors effects customers needs and the size of potential markets, some social factors include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, emphasis on safety and carrier attitudes. ageing populations are creating pressure on healthcare funding systems as over 65 consumes four times more than that of below 65 which leads to more expensive technology solutions and increase in patient expectations had created an unsustainable situation to the industry. Some countries cannot enjoy universal coverage system and latest treatments because they are not funded by the insurance companies like USA which can afford latest technology but cannot share the benefits because of increasing populations in different parts of the world. In developed countries consumer are benefited by the insurance and can afford ethical drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails. You read "Global Pharmaceutical Industry" in category "Papers" The OTC(over the counter) comprise of 20% of market which may purchase without prescription specially OTC is more in developing countries and also for these the patented drug companies has introduce disease management initiatives to attack the challenges from generic. Some consumer does not want to use biopharmaceuticals because they genetically done. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels and influence outsourcing decisions. Some of the technological factors includes RD activity, technology incentivise and rate of t echnology change. he technology is an competitive advantage to the companies and success of RD lays in team working, knowledge management and close relation with external flexible and some indicates lean and flexible operations and out sourcing is a gate way of success not only these there are many questions raised that the investment on RD is could not sustain for example in 2005 there are nearly 650 cancers drugs in development. The utilization of technology is very expensive because it includes latest instruments which is possible only for developed countries to use technology because they are funded by insurance companies and product developed by this technology cannot afford in developing countries because of its huge investment. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Porter’s five force model â€Å"The porter’s model is an outside in business unit strategy tool used to know value of industrial structure. The competitive force analysis is made by the identification of five fundamental competitive forces. â€Å"(12MANAGE:2009) POTENTIAL ENTRANCE The threat of new entry is low in this sector because companies has to spend huge amount to produce a product, so investment for the capital is very huge and its as to follow many rules and regulations set up by the government and to maintain the standard which where set is very difficult for new companies which want to enter into market. More over it is very risky business because it takes 10-15 years for new market to come into market and nobody is sure about the success of the products and patent time is also limited. POTENTIAL SUPPLIER Bargaining power of supplier is low because there are only few suppliers because the suppliers in this industry are different from other industries as ingredients used to make drugs are chemicals so the suppliers are chemical industries. It is very difficult for the suppliers to sustain in the market because if they increase their price the company may change supplier who supply raw materials comparatively low price compare to existing one and industry is not key customer group to the supplier. Brand image, role of quality, service of supplier is not considered by the industry. POTENTIAL BUYERS Bargaining power of buyer is high because main buyers are generally government and the companies that is monophony and companies cannot go against them and they can only sell the product to government the other side of the buyer are consumers who’s buying power is also high because of substitute available in markets and brand loyalty is low in consumers. POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTES Threat of substitutes is high in this industries, there are many substitute products in market like generics, branded generics, biopharmaceuticals as they are very cheap compare to the branded drugs as discussed earlier that branded drugs will consider only when generic drugs fails. And import of drugs from china and India which are produce very cheaply compare to local producers. COMPETITIVE RIVALRY Competitive rivalry is high in this sector because advantage gained by the first mover advantages (patent). As market is getting saturating companies are going global which means world wide launches, global branding and heavy investment in promotion as shorter product life cycle and to gain competitive advantage. In spite of taking care during launching the industry is still faces tough time from generic drugs and not only this merges and acquisitions as one of the major cause for competitive rivalry. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS â€Å"Swot analysis provide information that is helpful in matching firm resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. â€Å"(QUICKMBA: 2007) S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITIES T-THREATS The environmental factors internal are strength and weakness and external are threats and opportunities. STRENGTHS Patent is one of the major strength in this sector of industry which has strong brand names such as Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Johnson and Johnson, Novartis. The above mentioned companies have good reputations among the consumers The sector have cost advantages from propriety know-how This sector company have exclusive access to high grade natural recourses The sector has favourable access to distribution networks WEAKNESS Patent is consider as strength of this sector but due to limited time for patent had become its weakness. The products from this sector have side effects. The products take long time in development such as clinical trials which takes 10-15 years. It involves high cost structures such as investment on R;D, advertising. One of the major weaknesses is regulatory and legal issues by FDA. OPPORTUNIITIES Human needs are unfulfilled, so this unfulfilled needs are the opportunities for develop new products. The arrival of new technology as technology keeps on changing time by time. The removal of internal barrier like free movements of goods within EUROPEAN UNION. Due to pressure from big branded companies as this sector contributes major share to economy due to there pressure loosening of regulations may be happen in future. THREATS Generics are the major threat to this sector The shift in customers taste away from the firm’s products, customer in this sector does not have particular brand. Availability of huge range of substitutes in markets Entry barriers to some countries Parallel trade is also one of the major threat to this industry. USES AND LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS PEST USE Pest analysis looks at the external environment and good tool to understand big picture of the environment in which business operates. And it will allow companies to take opportunities and reduces threat of a company which they are facing. Pest analysis provide further plan to a company to develop if strategic plan is done correctly. With the pest analysis companies can see longer horizontal time and able to differentiate opportunities and threats and also help companies to look outside environment and what are the potential forces which going to affect. Pest is a mnemonic standing for political, economic, social and technology which are use to brain storm the characteristics of a industry and can draw conclusion as the significant forces of change operating with in it. More over it is useful to avoid taking actions which results in failure, it is very useful especially in starting new products because it will avoid assumptions and make to adopt quickly the reality of the new environment, it is straightforward and easy to adopt, broad categories covering major environmental factors and will provide more data about influence. LIMITATIONS It is not a set of rigid compartment to store ideas more over pest analysis does not analyse all the details in the external environments like markets, share holder, creditors, supra-national bodies, pressure groups and labour markets. PORTER’S FIVE FORCE USE Porter’s five forces theory is valuable contribution to study competition it give important information in three aspects. STATICAL ANALYSIS: It determine industrial attractiveness and gives an over view of profitability, this model helps in entry and exit questioning a market segment and used to compare influence of competitor forces and influence of competitors . DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS: It helps to understand potential future attractiveness of the industry. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS: The knowledge and power of five forces help company to develop options to improve position of the company which results in new strategic direction like new differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships. Moreover, porter’s five force models gives systematic and structured analysis of market structure and competitive situation, this model is applicable universal such as particular company, market segment and industries. LIMITATIONS Care should be taken while using this model such as never under estimate the important of current strength of the company. The model design for analyzing individual business strategies and it will not support the interdependence and synergy with portfolio of larger corporate. If we look from the theoretical side the model does not show possibility that an industry could be attractive because some companies in it. More over some times it may be possible to create complete new markets instead of selecting from existing one and also some people argued that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and quick changes require more flexible, dynamic approach for strategy formations. SWOT ANALYSIS USE The name it self say it is used to identify company’s strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. And use to formulate strategies the analysis usefulness of SWOT is not limited to profit seeking organizations. It is used in decision making situation when a desired end -state has been defined, and it is used in pre crisis planning and prevention and also used to in creating a recommendation during a viability study LIMITATIONS It has ability to over simplify the situation by dividing the firms environmental factors into categories in which they may not fit. The classifications of some factors as strength or weakness, or as opportunities or threats is some what peculiar CONCLUSION The pharmaceutical industry made tremendous contribution to man kind but, the industry is facing tough time in this decade. Yet it is targeted by government, media in spite of huge investment on RD and the product life is getting shorter. Free trade, parallel trade and exchange rate are oreover the birth of generics, creating major problems to the industry. Niche areas getting crowded creating price pressure, but the presence of global expertise firms like Pfizer, Merck will stand as global opportunities. The indus try more than ever needs to get a handle on the slippery business of scientific creativity and provided it critics with indisputable evidence of its value. BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson et. al (2007). Exploring corporate strategy. 8th ed. England: Pearson Education. 915 Quickmba. (2007). Swot analysis. Available: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/swot/. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Answers corporations. (2009). Swot analysis. Available: http://www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2008). Evaluation of five force theory. Available: http://www. articlesbase. com/education-articles/evaluation-of-the-five-forces-theory-176854. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2007). Study of Porter’s Five Forces Theory. Available: http://www. articlealley. om/article_185592_15. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Netmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available: http://www. netmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Quickmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 02 Nov 2009. Verbigena. (2008). History and analysis of pharmaceutical industry. Available: www. verbigena. com/case_studies/history_analysis. pdf. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 Papers4u. (2009). what is pest analysis. Available: http://www. coursework4you. co. uk/essays-and-dissertations/pest-analysis. php. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 G. A. Cole  (2005). Strategic Management. 2nd ed. London: person. 506 Read How to cite Global Pharmaceutical Industry, Papers Global Pharmaceutical Industry Free Essays string(228) " drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails\." INTRODUCTION According to Hunter s. Thomas â€Å"you can turn your back on person, but never turn your back on a drug, especially when it’s waving a razor sharp hunting. † The global pharmaceutical industry had done tremendous contribution to mankind, but now pharmaceutical companies are facing tough time in a decade. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Pharmaceutical Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The case is broken in to different parts which is emphasized on how internal and external factors affecting the industry firstly, the main environmental forces currently affecting the industry through PEST analysis. Secondly, the implications of the changes in business environment that is internal factors through porter’s five force theory. Finally, the use and limitations of the tools applied to solve case are discussed. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION The present pharmaceutical industries are non-assembled and more of competitive but it had emerged in early 19th century in the Rhine valley near Basel Switzerland where dyestuffs were found to have antiseptic properties. Companies like Hoffman-la rochy, Sandoz, Novartis are all started as Rhine based family dyestuff and chemical companies, which are still doing tremendous business even to day. Slowly these chemical companies started making pharmaceuticals and synthetic chemicals and evolved as global players. In early 1940’s the industry showed drastic changes such as introduction of penicillin and other drugs. In 1960’s industry growing rapidly with the setting up of RD not only this economies prospered by the spending on health care in same period. In 1970’s industry showed major development but a strong regulatory controls also came into existence with this development, and this regulatory controls had removed the rule of permanent patent to some fixed period which resulted in birth of branded generics. ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES EFFECTING PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The scan of external macro environment in which the firm operates can be expressed in terms P- POLITICAL E-ECONOMICAL S-SOCIAL T-TECHNOLOGY POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Political factors includes government regulations and legal issues defines both formal and informal rules under which firm operates some example like tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs, political stability. Political arena has huge influence up on the regulations of business and the spending power of consumers and other business. Over many years the pharmaceuticals industry has increased political attentions because of increase in recognitions of the economic important of healthcare as a component of social welfare . It takes 10-15 years on average to experiment drug to travel from lab to patient consumption, as patent protection is fixed that is only 20 years but companies has to spend 15 years on experiments by the time it reaches to the market the patent will be almost comes to expired and which will result in birth of generic medicines which has exactly same ingredients as of branded drugs but shows huge difference in price, because the generic brand does not spend on clinical trials so the entry of generic are the major impact on pharmacy industry because of the legal policy set by political forces example in us 84% of sales had been dropped in 12 weeks by Allegra hay fever treatment because of expiry of patent in 2006. Another major problem affecting the industry in many countries are monophony which means only one powerful purchaser who are government. Since 1980 government around the world attracting pharmaceuticals as a politically easy target in their effort to control l in increasing h ealth care expenditure like price and reimbursement controls and also the industry loosed both public and political support to resist this change. In 1990 the effect of economic recession had lead to fall in tax revenue, the government forever changing cost containment plans had become operations of the company unstable in European market which is highly fragmented, moreover the expansion of EU had provided many opportunities but it also raised new challenges from generics and low priced imports. ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital examples like economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates. The government price control is a major challenge to the industry in the form of parallel trade. Parallel trade is nothing but free movement of the product across the Europe with out any trade barriers which will affect the local manufacture because the distributor will buy drugs in low price markets and export them to high price markets example buying the product from manufacture in Poland and exporting them to Ireland. The exchange rates and currency problem is also one of the major issue for example Canada has inflexible pricing and reimbursement criteria, where USA does not have price controls as a results the price drug in America is high compare to Canada which leads to damage of brand image in consumers mind for example price of Lipitor is 3. 20/pill in USA where in Canada which is 1. 89/pill for same drug. Not only this, the growth of pharmaceutical market is aligned with GDP growth. As RD productivity is declined and development times were lengthened, as clinical trials are becoming more complex and costly there was sharp rise in RD expenditure. SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Social factors includes the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment these factors effects customers needs and the size of potential markets, some social factors include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, emphasis on safety and carrier attitudes. ageing populations are creating pressure on healthcare funding systems as over 65 consumes four times more than that of below 65 which leads to more expensive technology solutions and increase in patient expectations had created an unsustainable situation to the industry. Some countries cannot enjoy universal coverage system and latest treatments because they are not funded by the insurance companies like USA which can afford latest technology but cannot share the benefits because of increasing populations in different parts of the world. In developed countries consumer are benefited by the insurance and can afford ethical drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails. You read "Global Pharmaceutical Industry" in category "Essay examples" The OTC(over the counter) comprise of 20% of market which may purchase without prescription specially OTC is more in developing countries and also for these the patented drug companies has introduce disease management initiatives to attack the challenges from generic. Some consumer does not want to use biopharmaceuticals because they genetically done. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels and influence outsourcing decisions. Some of the technological factors includes RD activity, technology incentivise and r ate of technology change. he technology is an competitive advantage to the companies and success of RD lays in team working, knowledge management and close relation with external flexible and some indicates lean and flexible operations and out sourcing is a gate way of success not only these there are many questions raised that the investment on RD is could not sustain for example in 2005 there are nearly 650 cancers drugs in development. The utilization of technology is very expensive because it includes latest instruments which is possible only for developed countries to use technology because they are funded by insurance companies and product developed by this technology cannot afford in developing countries because of its huge investment. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Porter’s five force model â€Å"The porter’s model is an outside in business unit strategy tool used to know value of industrial structure. The competitive force analysis is made by the identification of five fundamental competitive forces. â€Å"(12MANAGE:2009) POTENTIAL ENTRANCE The threat of new entry is low in this sector because companies has to spend huge amount to produce a product, so investment for the capital is very huge and its as to follow many rules and regulations set up by the government and to maintain the standard which where set is very difficult for new companies which want to enter into market. More over it is very risky business because it takes 10-15 years for new market to come into market and nobody is sure about the success of the products and patent time is also limited. POTENTIAL SUPPLIER Bargaining power of supplier is low because there are only few suppliers because the suppliers in this industry are different from other industries as ingredients used to make drugs are chemicals so the suppliers are chemical industries. It is very difficult for the suppliers to sustain in the market because if they increase their price the company may change supplier who supply raw materials comparatively low price compare to existing one and industry is not key customer group to the supplier. Brand image, role of quality, service of supplier is not considered by the industry. POTENTIAL BUYERS Bargaining power of buyer is high because main buyers are generally government and the companies that is monophony and companies cannot go against them and they can only sell the product to government the other side of the buyer are consumers who’s buying power is also high because of substitute available in markets and brand loyalty is low in consumers. POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTES Threat of substitutes is high in this industries, there are many substitute products in market like generics, branded generics, biopharmaceuticals as they are very cheap compare to the branded drugs as discussed earlier that branded drugs will consider only when generic drugs fails. And import of drugs from china and India which are produce very cheaply compare to local producers. COMPETITIVE RIVALRY Competitive rivalry is high in this sector because advantage gained by the first mover advantages (patent). As market is getting saturating companies are going global which means world wide launches, global branding and heavy investment in promotion as shorter product life cycle and to gain competitive advantage. In spite of taking care during launching the industry is still faces tough time from generic drugs and not only this merges and acquisitions as one of the major cause for competitive rivalry. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS â€Å"Swot analysis provide information that is helpful in matching firm resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. â€Å"(QUICKMBA: 2007) S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITIES T-THREATS The environmental factors internal are strength and weakness and external are threats and opportunities. STRENGTHS Patent is one of the major strength in this sector of industry which has strong brand names such as Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Johnson and Johnson, Novartis. The above mentioned companies have good reputations among the consumers The sector have cost advantages from propriety know-how This sector company have exclusive access to high grade natural recourses The sector has favourable access to distribution networks WEAKNESS Patent is consider as strength of this sector but due to limited time for patent had become its weakness. The products from this sector have side effects. The products take long time in development such as clinical trials which takes 10-15 years. It involves high cost structures such as investment on R;D, advertising. One of the major weaknesses is regulatory and legal issues by FDA. OPPORTUNIITIES Human needs are unfulfilled, so this unfulfilled needs are the opportunities for develop new products. The arrival of new technology as technology keeps on changing time by time. The removal of internal barrier like free movements of goods within EUROPEAN UNION. Due to pressure from big branded companies as this sector contributes major share to economy due to there pressure loosening of regulations may be happen in future. THREATS Generics are the major threat to this sector The shift in customers taste away from the firm’s products, customer in this sector does not have particular brand. Availability of huge range of substitutes in markets Entry barriers to some countries Parallel trade is also one of the major threat to this industry. USES AND LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS PEST USE Pest analysis looks at the external environment and good tool to understand big picture of the environment in which business operates. And it will allow companies to take opportunities and reduces threat of a company which they are facing. Pest analysis provide further plan to a company to develop if strategic plan is done correctly. With the pest analysis companies can see longer horizontal time and able to differentiate opportunities and threats and also help companies to look outside environment and what are the potential forces which going to affect. Pest is a mnemonic standing for political, economic, social and technology which are use to brain storm the characteristics of a industry and can draw conclusion as the significant forces of change operating with in it. More over it is useful to avoid taking actions which results in failure, it is very useful especially in starting new products because it will avoid assumptions and make to adopt quickly the reality of the new environment, it is straightforward and easy to adopt, broad categories covering major environmental factors and will provide more data about influence. LIMITATIONS It is not a set of rigid compartment to store ideas more over pest analysis does not analyse all the details in the external environments like markets, share holder, creditors, supra-national bodies, pressure groups and labour markets. PORTER’S FIVE FORCE USE Porter’s five forces theory is valuable contribution to study competition it give important information in three aspects. STATICAL ANALYSIS: It determine industrial attractiveness and gives an over view of profitability, this model helps in entry and exit questioning a market segment and used to compare influence of competitor forces and influence of competitors . DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS: It helps to understand potential future attractiveness of the industry. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS: The knowledge and power of five forces help company to develop options to improve position of the company which results in new strategic direction like new differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships. Moreover, porter’s five force models gives systematic and structured analysis of market structure and competitive situation, this model is applicable universal such as particular company, market segment and industries. LIMITATIONS Care should be taken while using this model such as never under estimate the important of current strength of the company. The model design for analyzing individual business strategies and it will not support the interdependence and synergy with portfolio of larger corporate. If we look from the theoretical side the model does not show possibility that an industry could be attractive because some companies in it. More over some times it may be possible to create complete new markets instead of selecting from existing one and also some people argued that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and quick changes require more flexible, dynamic approach for strategy formations. SWOT ANALYSIS USE The name it self say it is used to identify company’s strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. And use to formulate strategies the analysis usefulness of SWOT is not limited to profit seeking organizations. It is used in decision making situation when a desired end -state has been defined, and it is used in pre crisis planning and prevention and also used to in creating a recommendation during a viability study LIMITATIONS It has ability to over simplify the situation by dividing the firms environmental factors into categories in which they may not fit. The classifications of some factors as strength or weakness, or as opportunities or threats is some what peculiar CONCLUSION The pharmaceutical industry made tremendous contribution to man kind but, the industry is facing tough time in this decade. Yet it is targeted by government, media in spite of huge investment on RD and the product life is getting shorter. Free trade, parallel trade and exchange rate are oreover the birth of generics, creating major problems to the industry. Niche areas getting crowded creating price pressure, but the presence of global expertise firms like Pfizer, Merck will stand as global opportunities. The indus try more than ever needs to get a handle on the slippery business of scientific creativity and provided it critics with indisputable evidence of its value. BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson et. al (2007). Exploring corporate strategy. 8th ed. England: Pearson Education. 915 Quickmba. (2007). Swot analysis. Available: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/swot/. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Answers corporations. (2009). Swot analysis. Available: http://www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2008). Evaluation of five force theory. Available: http://www. articlesbase. com/education-articles/evaluation-of-the-five-forces-theory-176854. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2007). Study of Porter’s Five Forces Theory. Available: http://www. articlealley. om/article_185592_15. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Netmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available: http://www. netmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Quickmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 02 Nov 2009. Verbigena. (2008). History and analysis of pharmaceutical industry. Available: www. verbigena. com/case_studies/history_analysis. pdf. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 Papers4u. (2009). what is pest analysis. Available: http://www. coursework4you. co. uk/essays-and-dissertations/pest-analysis. php. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 G. A. Cole  (2005). Strategic Management. 2nd ed. London: person. 506 Read How to cite Global Pharmaceutical Industry, Essay examples

Victorian era Essay Example For Students

Victorian era Essay A Christmas carol by Charles Dickens-what do we learn about the conditions of the poor in society and attitudes towards them in A Christmas Carol? In this essay I will be answering the question What do we learn about the conditions of the poor in society and attitudes towards them in A Christmas Carol? In the 1840s, in England, the poor and the unfortunate had to face a terrible life. Many poor people were homeless as the city of London had become an overcrowded and dirty place due to the industrial revolution-because of the industrial revolution there was an increase in job requirements in cities especially London. We will write a custom essay on Victorian era specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People from the countryside and from other cities came to London in search of jobs which caused an increase in the population ergo making London an overcrowded city (as mentioned before). Young children were used as labourers who were required to work fourteen hours a day in an attempt to help their families pay bills-these bills mostly consisted of debts which the family had to loan out in order for the family to be provided with essentials such as food and clothing. Most of the times these loans were necessary as workers usually had low wages. In A Christmas Carol, the underprivileged are symbolized by Bob Cratchit and his family. Bob Cratchit is a character in the novel who lives in a congested hovel. He provides for his family with only 15 shillings a week, while his young daughter even works on Christmas Day to maintain the position of the family- even though the position of the family was not the most excellent, they did not want to fall into the clutches of the dreaded work houses. It was well known that most of the poor thought this as a place where they went to as a last resort. They hated the idea of being in a work house so much that many believed they would rather die than go to one. In addition to this Bobs young son, Tim Cratchit (or commonly referred to in the book as Tiny Tim), is likely to die of a poverty related disease because the family are unable to provide for his medical needs. Though Bob Cratchit represents the poor and the unfortunate, the viewpoints of the rich and middle classes are expressed through a character called Scrooge, who argues that the sick and dying (referring to the poor) deserve this sort of treatment because the only reason they are living in conditions as such is because they did not work hard enough in life to reach the higher division of society. Throughout the novel it becomes obvious that the viewpoints the rich held towards the poor in the 1840s were not a positive view, as the rich thought the poor just existed to make London a crowded place and are in other words simply a burden to everyone. They thought that if the poor are like to die instead of going to workhouses, then they had better do it and decrease the surplus population. Charles Dickens uses the emotive language very well to build up the character of Scrooge. He uses a long list of words to create the effect that Scrooge has many sins that cannot be diminished easily: A squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner! , these lists of words are especially effective because they all describe Scrooges personality as greedy and selfishness; only caring for himself. This gives the modern and the Victorian readers the impression that Scrooge is a very immoral person as there is a never-ending list of words describing his personality in an evil manner. The sounds of the letters in those words also encourages us to feel the frostiness that Scrooge is giving off. .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 , .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 .postImageUrl , .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 , .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625:hover , .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625:visited , .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625:active { border:0!important; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625:active , .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625 .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9910592e656e997e3289f780b440b625:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Prelude EssayFurthermore Scrooge is compared with the cold, wintry weather in the novel, because of his cold feelings and the chilly way he looks towards the poor: The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait; made his eye red his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice. This extract shows how Scrooges facial features are described in many ways as the weather would be. We(as the readers) get the impression that he is a very cold-hearted man who is so emotionless that the wickedness within him makes his features disturbing as well as his character. Charles Dickens is almost trying to compare Scrooge with an ice block since he says his features are frozen and describes him as blue which is the description of an ice block. Moreover, Charles Dickens wants us to realise that Scrooge takes his cold personality with him everywhere he goes since Dickens writes, He carried his own low temperature always about with him. Dickens wants us to realise to what extent Scrooge is callous that wherever he goes he always takes his heartless and gloomy personality with him, warning the Victorian society to stay away from him. From the above paragraph I and probably other readers (both Victorian and modern) feel as if the wording and structure takes a big effect on us. The ing added at the end of most of the words which are displayed in the lists of descriptions makes us realise the amounts of faults Scrooges personality has. The way Dickens describes Scrooge using alliteration(clutching, covetous)is very effective, the C sound is very sharp which represents Scrooges cold personality. In stave one Charles Dickens constructs humour to ridicule the wealthy using two characters from the novel-Scrooge and the Mayor. Dickens uses these two characters to build up two different lifestyles of the rich. Scrooge is selfish; its enough for a man to understand his own business, and not to interfere with other peoples. this shows the first sort of rich being who is selfish and uncaring. The second type is of course the Mayor, who isnt that bothered about charity but is really interested in decorating his house-telling his fifty cooks and butlers to keep Christmas as a Lord Mayors household should. This shows that both Scrooge and the Mayor are both self-centred and dont care about the true meaning of Christmas- to pity on the poor and open up your hearts to be charitable to everyone. this creates an ironic effect. Furthermore, both Scrooge and the mayor have a duty towards society Scrooges is to be charitable and the Mayors is to be, charitable, and a lot of other Duties- such as setting up shelters. None of those two characters are fulfilling their duty. and Dickens creates this kind of humour sp that we as the readers can realise the behaviour of the rich. He uses these two characters to contrast the rich together. This results in us (the readers, both modern and Victorian) despising the rich who ignore the poor. Throughout the whole story Dickens uses specific language in A Christmas carol to create atmosphere. He wants us as the readers to realise how the poor people live throughout their daily life: the ways were foul and narrow; the shops and houses wretched; the people half naked, drunken, slipshod, ugly. Through this extract, Dickens wants us to sense that although there may be rich people in the Victorian times there are still poor people lurking around in ill-reputed places in England. We get the image that certain areas in London are labelled as places where the poor reside and the conditions of those particular places are always expected to be foul and ugly. He personifies the houses calling them wretched and describes the public living there in the worst possible way slipshod, ugly through this extract he wants the readers to know what the conditions of the poor are and how they have to spend their lives compared to the rich who are stingy, selfish and horribly egotistical. .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 , .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 .postImageUrl , .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 , .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553:hover , .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553:visited , .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553:active { border:0!important; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553:active , .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553 .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7962649251ba3f0c079017b8cf90d553:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Under Milk Wood by Dylan Thomas EssayBecause Dickens also describes the people living there as drunken and slipshod we also get the image that the people living in these places are also just as poor as the conditions of those locations. These extracts make a huge effect upon us as the readers because we realise how appalling the conditions of the poor were in the Victorian times. We understand that there are certain places labelled in the Victorian society where underprivileged people reside, and we should take that into account-even in the modern world, so that the poor presently arent treated in any way at all similar to how they were treated in the Victorian era.

Use Weather Maps to Make a Forecast - A Lesson Plan

Use Weather Maps to Make a Forecast - A Lesson Plan Purpose of lesson The purpose of the lesson is to use meteorological data on a weather map, including a variety of weather map symbols, to predict weather events and produce a mock forecast. The intent is to show how data is collected and analyzed. Students first analyze a weather report to discover its parts. They then use these same techniques to analyze weather data. By creating a web at the beginning of the lesson, they can then complete an assessment where they complete another web that, this time, outlines the steps a forecaster takes to produce a forecast. Objectives Given wind speed and direction data in a weather station model from various locations around the United States,correctly label the map with the locations of high and low pressure zones.Given temperature data on a United States isotherm map, chose the correct frontal boundary from the four types of frontal boundaries and draw it on the map so that a forecast can be produced. Resources AMS Datastreme at ametsoc.org/amsedu/dstreme/ for up-to-date weather mapsNOAA Jetstream website at srh.noaa.govNOAAJetstream website at NOAA Jetstream online school for weather srh.noaa.gov/jetstream// for background informationDaily newspaper weather section (minimum 5 days collected at least one week in advance of lesson)The Weather blog at http://weather.about.com Materials needed for lesson Teacher needs to collect the daily newspaper forecast for 5 days in advance of the lesson. Teacher must also print daily isotherm, frontal, and pressure maps from the AMS datastreme site. A computer projector (and a computer) would be helpful in reviewing the online Jetstream school. Students will need colored pencils and access to research online through computers or the library. Students will need a KWL chart to fill in at the beginning, middle, and end of the class. Background Teacher will show a video of a weather report that includes a weather map. Students will watch the video while thinking about the essential question – How do scientists gather and report data to create weather reports? The video segment of the lesson acts as a hook to get students interested in the data. Also included will be a demonstration of various meteorological tools including a barometer, thermometer, wind speed indicator (anemometer), hygrometer, weather instrument shelters, and photos of weather satellites and the resultant images. The students will then formulate a pair-share group to produce a web of all the parts of a weather report. They will include methods and tools used to gather meteorological data as well as the components of weather maps and forecast reports. Students will share some of their main points in the webs they created with the teacher. The teacher will record the information on the board and ask for discussion in the class for what they think is the best way to create a web. Once the video segment is shown, students will go through a series of steps to practice analyzing weather maps.Students will also fill out a KWL chart once they see the weather video. Once they are complete, they will be able to check their forecasts based on the newspaper forecasts the teacher already collected. Assessment The assessment will be a weather map of the CURRENT class day, printed in the morning by the teacher, and students will have to predict the weather for the next day. In the same pair-share groups, students will create a 1 minute forecast report as if they were on TV. Remediation and review Practice reading temperature data in Celsius and Fahrenheit on a standard alcohol thermometer.Show students a model of a building or doll. Explain the idea of the use of models in science.Obtain a weather map from Datastreme site and distribute to students so they can see examples of a real weather map.Introduce students to the online Jetstream site and the parts of a weather map. Students will record the various parts of a station model.Locate a station model for a city and record temperature, pressure, wind speed, etc. in a data table. Describe to a partner the different conditions present in that city. Optional-Using laptop computers, instant message a partner across the room about the conditions in your city.Use a simplified map to locate the isotherm lines on a weather map. Connect similar temperatures in increments of 10 degrees with different shades of colored pencils. Create a key for the colors. Analyze the map to see where different air masses are and try to outline a front al boundary using the correct symbols learned from the Jetstream online course. Students will obtain a pressure reading map and determine the pressure at a station. Color the region around several cities that show pressure anomalies. Students will then try to determine high and low pressure zones.Students will draw conclusions about their maps and check the key with the teacher. Conclusion The conclusion will be the presentation of forecasts from students. As students explain why they feel it will rain, get colder, etc., students will have a chance to agree or disagree with the information. The teacher will go over the correct answers the next day. If done right, the next days weather is the real weather the student forecasted because the map used in the assessment was the CURRENT weather map. The teacher should review the objectives and standards on the bulletin board. Teachers should also review the learned portion of the KWL chart to show students what was accomplished in the lesson. Assignments Students will use a weather map (model) to create a weather report.Students will use observation and analysis to determine the methods, data, tools, and information used in forecasts of the weather by creating a graphic organizer (webbing).Students will have periodic self-checks available as they analyze older maps to gain the skill in interpreting and predicting future weather.

Time Dilation Effects in Physics

Time Dilation Effects in Physics Time dilation is the phenomenon where two objects moving relative to each other (or even just a different intensity of gravitational field from each other) experience different rates of time flow. Relative Velocity Time Dilation The time dilation seen due to relative velocity stems from special relativity. If two observers, Janet and Jim, are moving in opposite directions and as they pass by each other they note that the other persons watch is ticking slower than their own. If Judy were running alongside Janet at the same speed in the same direction, their watches would be ticking at the same rate, while Jim, going in the opposite direction, sees both of them having slower-ticking watches. Time seems to pass slower for the person being observed than for the observer. Gravitational Time Dilation Time dilation due to being at different distances from a gravitational mass is described in the general theory of relativity. The closer you are to a gravitational mass, the slower your clock seems to be ticking to an observer farther from the mass. When a spaceship nears a black hole of extreme mass, observers see time slowing to a crawl for them. These two forms of time dilation combine for a satellite orbiting a planet. On the one hand, their relative velocity to observers on the ground slows time for the satellite. But the farther distance from the planet means time goes faster on the satellite than on the surface of the planet. These effects may cancel each other, but also can mean a lower satellite has slower-running clocks relative to the surface while higher-orbiting satellites have clocks running faster relative to the surface. Time Dilation Examples The effects of time dilation are used often in science fiction stories, dating back to at least the 1930s. One of the earliest and most well-known thought experiments to feature time dilation is the famous Twin Paradox, which demonstrates the curious effects of time dilation at its most extreme. Time dilation becomes most apparent when one of the objects is moving at nearly the speed of light, but it manifests at even slower speeds. Here are just a few ways we know time dilation actually takes place: Clocks in airplanes click at different rates from clocks on the ground.Putting a clock on a mountain (thus elevating it, but keeping it stationary relative to the ground-based clock) results in slightly different rates.The Global Positioning System (GPS) has to adjust for time dilation. Ground-based devices have to communicate with satellites. To work, they have to be programmed to compensate for the time differences based on their speeds and gravitational influences.Certain unstable particles exist for a very brief period of time before decaying, but scientists can observe them as lasting longer  because they are moving so fast that time dilation means the time that the particles experience before decaying is different from the time experienced in the at-rest laboratory that is doing the observations.In 2014, a research team announced the most precise experimental confirmation of this effect yet devised, as described in a Scientific American article. They used a particle accelerat or to confirm that time moves slower for a moving clock than for a stationary one.

Managing and Leading Strategic Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing and Leading Strategic Change - Essay Example to the company (and later taking on the post of COO and President whereas Bethune would remain the CEO and Chairman), introduced a â€Å"Go Forward Plan† which had four parts, aimed at putting the company back on track in 1995. The four pats were the market plan: â€Å"Fly to Win, The Financial Plan: Fund the Future, The Product Plan: Make Reliability a Reality, The People Plan: Working Together.† The plan was to implement all these changes simultaneously, since they would create a multiplier effect (Hartley, pp. 78-84, 2010). Implementation and Leading this Strategic Change (Go Forward Plan) Bethune knew that despite this plan was approved by board of directors with all the trust, confidence and enthusiasm, employees would view this plan with all possible suspicion and mistrust. Therefore, the first thing, which Bethune did, was to open the doors of the executive lounge of Continental, which had been protected from any visitors since many years like some castle. Employ ees now need only to show their IDs and gain entrance into Bethune’s office. After opening the doors for employees, Bethune initiated a new ritual of arranging open houses at the end of each month at the Houston headquarters. Just to ensure that employees feel comfortable around executive, the concept of causal Fridays came into being, except for the employees who had direct dealings with customers (Palmer, Dunford & Akin, pp. 284-285, 2008). One of the previous managements of Continental had tried to repaint all the planes but failed to complete the same due to limited financing and immense pressure for cost cutting. As of late 1994, the planes were in the same condition, not painted uniformly. Bethune felt that repainting the planes would send a message of revival, newness, and better operations to the... Managing and Leading Strategic Change Since 1983, nine different CEOs who came in with the slogan of change, tried their luck and as the figures show, they were not very successful. Not only the company was in trouble from the financial side but as it has been mentioned above, that the company was surrounded by trouble from all directions. High turnover, infighting between employees and departments, employee absences, use of sick time, customer complaints, and highest number of mishandled baggage reports, ranking last in terms of on time arrival and others would just be a glance at the terrible conditions in which â€Å"Continental Airlines† was still somehow surviving. It was in February 1994, when Gordon Bethune took the charge of the company as the Chief Operating Officer and President and later in that year as the CEO as well, he knew that the company needed a hardcore strategic change and strong implementation of that change as well. Quite understandably, it was his responsibility to do the same. Important here to note is that the whole change process that Bethune implemented at Continental was in line with eight steps of change presented by John Kotter, professor of leadership at Harvard Business Review in Boston. This is one those strategic change implementation models, which has been praised and acclaimed by many different authors in their writings and analysis. Let us a have a brief analysis of the same. Kotter’s first step is about creating urgency for change.

Conversion Testimony Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conversion Testimony - Assignment Example But as a young man who had more independence, I did not feel obliged to attend services. And only on extreme occasions, such as to attend burial services did I join relatives and friends, such occasions which to me were social events. Without that religious bent, I really thought I was simply being practical, making the most of life and the opportunities it gave me. The biggest change in my life was when the television sermon of Rev. Robert Schuller accidentally caught my attention. Much as I wanted to switch channels, I could not do so, since I found him to be a powerful speaker. Giving straightforward explanation of the Gospel, he pointed at its concrete application in modern life. And as I felt drawn to regularly listen to Rev. Schuller’s TV sermons, slowly, I also felt drawn to the Person of Christ. Yes, Jesus Christ was Rev. Schuler’s focal point in all his sermons. Rather than the seemingly mythical character in the Gospel, Jesus Christ now appeared to me as a rea l person, someone who is timeless, someone who transcends the time and place he once lived on earth. In time, I discovered that possibly it was not really the power of Rev. Schuller’s rhetorical language which drew me to Christ. As a true Christian preacher, Rev. Schuller exhorted his audience using words of the Bible, and this really did the trick, because as I found out later and became fully convinced: The word of God is like a two-edged sword, so sharp that it can cut the heart and spirit of those who hear it (Hebr. 4:12). Realizing the power of the Written Word, I now took time to privately read the Bible. But finding much of it too mysterious and difficult to grasp, I started to read slowly and reflectively. I didn’t realize that this was really the key to profitable Bible reading: the reading of not many chapters and stories, but much of the Word, relishing and reflectively reading as in savoring food slowly to relish and enjoy it. . Then I felt that through the Word, God was personally speaking to me, teaching me how His Son Jesus Christ serves as His messenger Slowly, the life of Jesus and his words dawned on me with greater and greater clarity to lead me to a relationship with Him—God’s way, truth and life. I am now a regular Bible reader, not really devoting long hours for reading, but spending regular 10-15 minutes a day to read slowly, to reflect on what, how, why these Words were written, and after each reading to pray silently, and to dialogue with God or Christ. What happened to me can happen to anyone of us. After all, God’s call is for all of humanity, And the saving grace His Son won through His life and death is for all times, and for all of us. Constantly and patiently, God always leads us to the love of his Son and the victory His Son Jesus won for us. . . Recovery Story Even as a Bible reader, I found out later that I was not immune from problems or struggles. Something happened which could happen to an yone. I lost a close friend. He was a boyhood friend with whom I shared much in play, study and work. Our attachment was real as we found alike temperaments and interests in hobbies and games. At 28, he was a bachelor although I know he had healthy relationships with girls. But one day, I got word he was brought to the emergency hospital and I reached him in his last moments at the Emergency Hospital Room where he suddenly slumped on a chair and lost consciousness. Under Intensive care, blood tests showed he had leukemia, and

Development of Competent Nursing Skills

Development of Competent Nursing Skills Introduction This essay focuses on a reflection on the development from novice, to competent beginner, to skilled practitioner in the light of my own development in clinical nursing practice. It is based on the signposts identified within my clinical learning portfolio and focuses on the notion of the helping role and caring skills within nursing practice. It utilises a reflective framework to better identify and reflect upon the journey from novice to practitioner. The model for reflection I have chosen is Gibbs Reflective Cycle (see Appendix). Reflection has been described as as a process of internally examining and exploring an issue of concern, triggered by an experience which creates and clarifies meaning in terms of self, and which results in a changed conceptual perspective (Boyd and Fales, 1983). Therefore, the experiences of my three placements are explored under three rotations of Gibbs Cycle. Meretoja et al (2004) state that nurses self-recognition of own level of competence is essential in maintaining high standards of care. I have chosen the caring role based on my own recognition of the level of competence achieved in this area. Cycle One Novice to Advanced beginner What Happened. I had to assist a patient in with personal care; make them comfortable in bed and collaborate in pressure area management; assist with toileting, washing, mouthcare, and application of emollient cream. I also had to document care and any deviations from the norm. Feelings I was very aware of my inexperience and of the trust this patient placed in my and the nursing team. I was also aware of the intimate nature of the care I was providing, and the fact that it was basic care also highlighted the fundamental role such care has in supporting health promotion and patient wellbeing. Evaluation I was uncomfortable at first, and clumsy in the provision of the various aspects of care. However, my mentor was informative, supportive and helpful, which assisted me in doing the various tasks. However, I found it difficult to complete these as quickly as I should have. I did learn to communicate with the patient and provide a sensitive approach. Analysis This situation required fundamental aspects of the caring role. It also demonstrates the link between basic nursing care an every other aspect of nursing. The NMC (2004) requires nurses to provide individualised care for their patients. The care for this person was based on their own needs and adapted as those needs changed. I was able to identify those needs and develop competency in providing care at this level. The caring role was very rewarding but physically and emotionally taxing However, I was still in the process of identifying particular needs and responding to them, such as toileting, which required me working with others in a collaborative manner, which I did not find easy. I also realised how much I did not know about nursing. Conclusion In this situation, I could have developed more collaborative working skills and modelled myself on those around me more actively ie., copied the ways in which other nurses and healthcare assistants provided care. When I did do this, it was effective. But I found that despite my enthusiastic approach, my knowledge base meant that I did not always understand the rationale for what I was doing. Action Plan The action plan from this was to take the confidence and competence I had developed in the practical skills and incorporate them into all aspects of the caring role. It was also to identify areas where my knowledge base was lacking, and seek out this knowledge. Keeping knowledge up to date is a requirement of the NMC code of condut (NMC, 2004). Working collaboratively is another NMC requirement (NMC, 2004). Taking this knowledge forward into practice made this process of reflection a learning activity. Cycle Two Advanced Beginner What Happened As part of my role assisting with patient care, I had to monitor pain levels and assist with providing analgesia as prescribed, along with monitoring its effectiveness. This was a surgical placement, and I also discussed with elderly patient their coping and wellbeing after hospital discharge. I engaged in health education and support to enable clients to be self-caring. I was also responsible for monitoring wellbeing through performing and recording clinical observations, recording fluid balance and reporting any abnormalities. I was also involved in providing personal care to patients in a safe manner, especially in the disposal of waste products. Feelings To begin with, I felt glad to be working at a more advanced level of competency, and felt confident in my basic nursing skills including performing clinical observations. However, the increased demand also meant increased pressure and I was aware of this. Again, I felt that I had developed a degree of competency but was very aware of my need to develop further knowledge and skills. The caring role involved supporting people and I had to access other professionals to ensure I gave the right information and that my care had been effective. Evaluation It was good to find that I had the clinical competence to effectively monitor clinical status. However, the complex nature of patient needs meant that I still didn’t always know the answers to their questions. Being involved in discharge planning was an enabling activity for myself and the patients. I developed competence in the administration of medications, under supervision, including controlled drugs, but felt I still needed more practice and skill in this area. Colleagues noted my competence and qualified staff were happy to delegate a range of appropriate tasks to me. Analysis It would appear that the caring role means the provision of patient centred, holistic care. This was achievable in this situation but required a lot of knowledge and the ability to provide focused attention and empathic care whilst carrying out complex clinical nursing tasks. This was harder to achieve, and I was made aware of my continued learning needs around medication and surgical care, for example. However, I must have developed some competence as qualified staff were happy to delegate to me and to act on my feedback. Conclusion It is hard to see what else I could have done, except perhaps done more reading around surgical care, discharge planning and the nurse-patient relationship. Action Plan It was possible to identify future learning needs, and so my action plan included building on my current competence by engaging in more advanced practice, under supervision. Having the confidence to engage in more complex nursing tasks will help me to achieve more competence in advanced practice in the future. Recognising the demands of the caring role means that I will view future practice as based upon this role. Cycle Three Competent Level What Happened. I monitored patients with chronic pain and helped with analgesia. I also supported patients with freedom of choice for their own care (NMC, 2004) and provided personal and palliative care in sensitive manner. I mastered more advanced practical nursing skills including aseptic technique and safe disposal of sharps. I fully documented all care given, and recorded medication given, and communicated to staff at shift change during the nursing handover. Feelings During this experience, I felt that my knowledge and experience in the caring role was finally coming together. I was confident and happy in engaging with patients and providing empathy and a supportive manner, whilst also carrying out more complex clinical tasks appropriately and effectively. It was very nerve-wracking giving handover, but I became more confident as I had more practice. Evaluation I was able to provide care of a high standard, and recognise my sphere of competence and seek help when needed. I was able to engage in effective caring relationships with clients, meet their individual needs, but also value my own input into their wellbeing. Analysis It was obvious that I had moved on to a level of nursing competence which allowed me some autonomy. I was able to act with less direct supervision, but still access the support of the whole care team. The caring role extended to the provision of all care, including end of life care, and I was able to utilise my knowledge and experience and also identify my learning in action, and my future learning needs, which have changed since the first reflection. Conclusion The change from novice to competent practitioner in the caring role has demonstrated not only the acquisition of skill but the incorporation of clinical abilities into what is really a way of being with patients. Action Plan Signposting future learning needs is important following this reflection. I was able to identify the need to still learn advanced clinical skills and perhaps know more about the range of other professionals who could enhance care in individual situations. Conclusion This reflection has signposted my development towards competent nursing practice. The caring role encompasses provision of basic care, advanced techniques, medication and pain relief, health promotion, end of life care and collaborative care. It seems to be the fundamental and most important part of nursing practice. Collaboration and coordination, as well as the holistic management of the situation, are highly recognized as meaningful characteristics of competent nursing practice (Meretoja et al, 2002). References Boyd E, Fales A. (1983) Reflecting learning: key to learning from experience. Humanist Psychol 23 (2) 99–117. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing. A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic, Oxford Meretoja, R., Leino-Kilpi, H. Kair, A. (2004) Comparison of nurse competence in different hospital work environments Journal of NursingManagement.12(5) 329–336 Meretoja, R., Eriksson, E. Leino-Kilpi, H. (2002) Indicators for competent nursing practice Journal of Nursing Management 10(2) 95-102 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2004) Code of Conduct Available from www.nmc-uk.org Accessed 30-4-07.